PhD Studentship: Rocket plume-surface interactions during landing on planetary bodies

Project title: Rocket plume-surface interactions during landing on planetary bodies  

Supervisory Team: Dr Hossein Zare-Behtash, Prof Andrea Cammarano, Dr John Lawson

Project description:

We are at a golden age of space exploration, with numerous exciting missions planned by governments and industry to explore the cosmos, including missions to the Moon and Mars. A critical aspect of these missions is the retro-propulsion required during the final stage of Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) to achieve a soft landing. During this phase, the jet exhaust from the spacecraft can disturb the surface material, a phenomenon known as Plume Surface Interactions (PSI).

This PhD project aims to investigate the complex fluid dynamic interactions between the retro-propulsion rocket nozzle and the surface of a planetary body, such as the Lunar or Martian surface. Understanding and mitigating PSI is crucial for the success of these missions.

The project will utilise a combination of experimental and numerical methods to achieve its objectives. The experimental component will involve the use of advanced flow diagnostics, including in-house developed pressure- and temperature-sensitive paints, particle tracking velocimetry, and background-oriented schlieren techniques. These tools will provide high-resolution data on the interaction dynamics.

A key aspect of this project is the development of novel diagnostic techniques to enhance the accuracy and resolution of measurements. This includes the design and implementation of cutting-edge laser diagnostics and imaging methods to precisely track particle behaviour and shock wave propagation. These advancements will significantly improve our ability to understand and model these complex interactions, including their nonlinear dynamics.

On the numerical side, the project will focus on developing and validating models using both in-house developed and commercial software tools. These models will simulate the interactions of supersonic and hypersonic jets with surface simulants (regolith) under representative conditions, providing insights into the mechanisms driving PSI.

Candidate Characteristics:

• Strong analytical and problem-solving skills.
• Background in fluid dynamics, computational modelling, and experimental techniques.
• Interest in using diagnostic tools and simulation software.
• Highly motivated and able to work independently and as part of a team.
• Excellent communication and technical writing skills.

What We Offer:

• Access to state-of-the-art laboratory facilities and equipment.
• Opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration.
• Comprehensive training in advanced experimental and computational techniques.
• Supportive research environment with experienced supervisors.
• Opportunities to present research at international conferences and publish in high-impact journals.

Join us in pushing the boundaries of space exploration and contributing to the success of future lunar and Martian missions.

Entry Requirements

A very good undergraduate degree (at least a UK 2:1 honours degree, or its international equivalent).

Closing date: 31 August 2025. 

Funding: We offer a range of funding opportunities for both UK and international students, including Bursaries and Scholarships.  For more information please visit PhD Scholarships | Doctoral College | University of Southampton  Funding will be awarded on a rolling basis, so apply early for the best opportunity to be considered.

How To Apply

Apply online:  Search for a Postgraduate Programme of Study (soton.ac.uk) Select programme type (Research), 2025/26, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, next page select “PhD Engineering & Environment (Full time)”. In Section 2 of the application form you should insert the name of the supervisor Hossein Zare-Behtash

Applications should include:

Research Proposal

Curriculum Vitae

Two reference letters

Degree Transcripts/Certificates to date

For further information please contact: feps-pgr-apply@soton.ac.uk

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